A poll of Gaza Strip and West Bank residents indicated that 79.6% had "a very good view" of Hezbollah, and most of the remainder had a "good view". The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. [288], In 2010, Ahbash and Hezbollah members were involved in a street battle which was perceived to be over parking issues, both groups later met to form a joint compensation fund for the victims of the conflict.[289]. Lebanon (/ ˈ l ɛ b ə n ɒ n,-n ə n / (), Arabic: لبنان ‎ lubnān, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. [374][27], Serbia, which recently designated Iran-backed Hezbollah entirely as a terrorist organization, fully implement measures to restrict Hezbollah's operations and financial activities. These “political” organs of the party are instrumental in creating what Hezbollah calls a “Society of Resistance,” a protective environment for its fighting core that extends its influence beyond its own institutions, giving it the veneer and legitimacy of a Lebanese political force, and thus governmental influence. Since 2011, Hezbollah also spearheaded the effort to defend Syrian president Bashar al-Assad’s regime, whose downfall would pose a strategic threat to Tehran, not least of all by severing its land-link to Lebanon. Fajr-3 missiles have a range of 40 km (25 mi) and a 45-kg (99-lb) warhead, and Fajr-5 missiles, which extend to 72 km (45 mi), also hold 45-kg (99-lb) warheads. Congress members Tom Lantos, Jim Saxton, Thad McCotter, Chris Shays, Charles Boustany, Alcee Hastings, and Robert Wexler referred to Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in their speeches supporting the legislation. The conflict began on 12 July 2006 when Hezbollah militants fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an anti-tank missile attack on two armored Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence, killing three, injuring two, and seizing two Israeli soldiers. Various sources list the official formation of the group as early as 1982[60][61][62][63] whereas Diaz and Newman maintain that Hezbollah remained an amalgamation of various violent Shi'a extremists until as late as 1985. We don’t have a military wing and a political wing. Such scholars and research institutes include the following: J. Gresham Barrett brought up legislation in the U.S. House of Representatives which, among other things, referred to Hezbollah as a terrorist organization. However, it remains unclear how Hezbollah is acquiring the materials and domestically producing the sophisticated components necessary to manufacture these advanced missiles, as the Iranians themselves have difficulty in doing so at home. Western sources maintain that Hezbollah actually receives most of its financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria. As such, Hezbollah does not ultimately desire to coopt the institutions of the Lebanese state, but to replace the secular republic entirely with a Wilayat al-Faqih-based system. On 7 October 2000, three Israeli soldiers – Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. [114][115][116] In addition, during its 2006 war, it apologized only for killing Israel's Arabs (i.e., non-Jews). The comments show the degree to which Iran is harmonizing its foreign policy in the region. ", "Who Are Syria's Friends And Why Are They Supporting Assad? Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) 21 June 1999, reprinted by MEMRI, Richard Augustus Norton – Hizbollah. ", "Amnesty: Hezbollah guilty of war crimes", "Amnesty International Says Hezbollah Committed War Crimes", "Amnesty: Hezbollah committed war crimes against Israel", "Italian FM: Hezbollah, Hamas are not al-Qaida", Germany's Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy, "Answers to questions on Hezbollah and the EU (in Dutch)", 'US intel report scrapped Iran from list of terror threats,', "U.S. imposes sanctions on Hezbollah officials for Syria support", "An Israeli Opportunity in a Lebanese Crisis", "Egypt: Cairo calls Hezbollah terrorist organization,", "Envoy: Egypt to tighten relations with Hezbollah", "New Egypt warms up to Hezbollah: ambassador", "Bahrain complains over Hezbollah comments on protests", "Bahrain first Arab state to blacklist Hezbollah", "Syria uprising stirs old divisions in neighboring Lebanon", "Hezbollah is a 'cancer,' say Arab media", "Arab League declares Hezbollah 'terrorist organization' - George Fakhry", "Reactionary Persian Gulf Arab States Praised by Netanyahu | Communist Party of Israel", "Arab League labels Hezbollah a 'terrorist' group", SPIEGEL Interview with Lebanese President Emile Lahoud: 'Hezbollah Freed Our Country', Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs, Allouch: Hezbollah qualifies as a terrorist group, Meeting Middle East Christians is where Western stereotypes go to die, "Israel, Lebanon, Hezbollah, Hamas, fighting, terrorism, peace, by Mark LeVine", "EU: Designate Hezbollah a Terrorist Organisation Now", "Terrorist and Extremist Movements in the Middle East", Hezbollah’s Impact on Security and Political Dynamics in the Middle East, Special Report 111: Global Terrorism after the Iraq War, "Iraqi Prime Minister Presses for More Aid", "Reps. Berman, Issa, Boustany, Rahall Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Make Certain No Taxpayer Funds Benefit Hezbollah", "Switzerland nominates Hezbollah advocate for UN Human Rights Council", "Why Hezbollah has openly joined the Syrian fight", "In Hezbollah stronghold, Lebanese Christians find respect, stability", Lebanon: Close Security Council vote backs free elections, urges foreign troop pullout. They said, "Opening a front against the Syrian people and dragging Lebanon to war with the Syrian people is very dangerous and will have a negative impact on the relations between the two. It contributes to calming the region,” Hassan Nasrallah said in a speech broadcast on Lebanese television. In the meantime, Hezbollah will continue to spearhead Iran’s asipirations for regional domination as it has for the past three decades of its existence. Israel had already previously suspected Hezbollah for the attack. This state-sponsorship has proven critical to the quality of Hezbollah’s fighting capabilities, and to its regional and global reach. [319] However, Michel Samaha, Lebanon's former minister of information, has said that Hezbollah has been an important ally of the government in the war against terrorist groups, and described the "American attempt to link Hezbollah to al-Qaeda" to be "astonishing". “We support all dialog involving Iran at the international, regional or Arab level. According to Hassan Nasrallah and Naim Qassem, this grassroots approach to creating an Islamic Lebanon remains the party’s approach to the present day. In line with Khomeini’s imperative to export the Islamic Revolution, Iran viewed the rise of Hezbollah as an opportunity to extend its influence to Lebanon and the Levant. "The Shiite Hezbollah has indeed become a trusted mentor and role model to the Sunni fundamentalist Hamas. [178], In 2010, Hezbollah was believed to have 45,000 rockets. Its activities have earned the organization and many of its members terror designations by the United States Departments of State and Treasury, as well as by other countries. "France condemns Hezbollah's attacks, and all types of terrorist attacks which may be carried out against soldiers, or possibly Israel's civilian population. Reiterating what the party had been saying in the years between 1985 and 2009, Nasrallah said the changes in the new document did not affect the group’s “creed, ideology or thought” – particularly its adherence to Wilayat al-Faqih – which he said is “not a political stand that can be subjected to revision.” In early 2016, the party’s Deputy Secretary General Naim Qassem once again reaffirmed this point, calling the Open Letter a “permanent and continuous document,” with the 2009 Political Document providing “minor” or “trivial” adjustments with no effect on the group’s core ideology. Ever since, Hezbollah has been a key player in Lebanese politics, punching above its representational weight by allying with more influential groups. [233] The bodies of the slain soldiers were exchanged for Lebanese prisoners in 2004. Tehran then united this offshoot with an ideologically similar motley crew of Shiite militias, sending 1000 Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC) members and clergy to the Beqaa Valley to provide them with military and ideological training. [422], A day before the move by the Arab League, Hezbollah leader Nasrallah said that "Saudi Arabia is angry with Hezbollah since it is daring to say what only a few others dare to say against its royal family". Hezbollah's purpose, in Iran's view, is to deter American or Israeli attacks on Iran's nuclear facilities. [96][dubious – discuss]. Kata’ib Hezbollah (KH) is a Shia Iraqi insurgent group that was founded in 2007. Despite styling itself the “defender of Lebanon,” Hezbollah will continue to act from within the Lebanese government to both obstruct and delegitimize the Lebanese republic, and to protect itself against detrimental government initiatives. ", "Hezbollah not on Russia's "terrorist" list", "Russian defense minister says Hezbollah uses 'terrorist methods, "Israel says it doesn't plan to occupy Lebanon. [117] This was after Hezbollah's Al-Manar television channel complained, asking how long Lebanon would "remain an open arena for the Zionist invasion of education? [107], Conflicting reports say Al-Manar, the Hezbollah-owned and operated television station, accused either Israel or Jews of deliberately spreading HIV and other diseases to Arabs throughout the Middle East. [154] The electoral slogan of the party was 'We will construct and we will protect'. Hezbollah’s advisers have also travelled to Yemen, to aid and train Houthi rebels in their fight against neighboring Saudi Arabia. [323] Another August 2006 poll by CNN showed that 69% of the 1,047 Americans polled believed that Hezbollah is unfriendly towards, or an enemy of, the United States. Particularly since the rise of ISIS in 2014, these groups spawned a seemingly endless list of Khomeinist Iraqi militias, most of which have now joined Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces. [7] However, according to scholars, "these words do not hold up upon closer examination". The organization will continue to act pragmatically in this and other ways, but only to avoid conflict or challenges that could hinder or delay the implementation of Iran’s orders and interests. A similar attack on weapons destined for Hezbollah occurred in May of the same year. Dominique Avon, Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian, Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis, and Ideology, Occasional Paper Series (Washington, DC, Georgetown University, 1986) p.19, Adam Shatz, New York Review of Books, 29 April 2004, United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999. The agreement also discussed the importance of having normal diplomatic relations with Syria and the request for information about the Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of all political prisoners and diaspora in Israel. According to various reports, Hezbollah is armed with anti-tank guided missiles, namely, the Russian-made AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel, AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M', АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet'; Iranian-made Ra'ad (version of AT-3 Sagger), Towsan (version of AT-5 Spandrel), Toophan (version of BGM-71 TOW); and European-made MILAN missiles. [150] Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West Beirut neighborhoods from Future Movement militiamen loyal to the backed government, in street battles that left 11 dead and 30 wounded. Hezbollah won all twelve seats which were on its electoral list. ... Turkish intelligence first attributed the Istanbul attack ... to the Kurdish resistance, but later concluded that Hezbollah, working on behalf of Iran, had organized it. [260], Hezbollah has long been an ally of the Ba'ath government of Syria, led by the Al-Assad family. Secretary General Nasrallah, for example, has referred to the military vs. political wing distinction as an “innovation [bid’a]” and said sanctioning the military wing alone would have no “effects beyond the symbolic and psychological,” because Hezbollah had no such internal divisions. [125], In the summer of 1982, Hezbollah's Special Security Apparatus was created by Hussein al-Khalil, now a "top political adviser to Nasrallah";[170] while Hezbollah's counterintelligence was initially managed by Iran's Quds Force,[171]:238 the organization continued to grow during the 1990s. [121] Since the Second Lebanon War, however, Iran has restructured Hezbollah to limit the power of Hassan Nasrallah, and invested billions of dollars "rehabilitating" Hezbollah. We don’t have Hezbollah and the Party of Resistance, because Hezbollah is a political party, a resistance party, and the party of striving in the path of God Almighty and service of the human being. It therefore began providing the group with a steady stream of financial support which has continued to the present day. [33][301] Hezbollah also denounced the massacres in Algeria by Armed Islamic Group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya attacks on tourists in Egypt,[302] the murder of Nick Berg,[303] and ISIL attacks in Paris. [127][141] One of its established institutions, Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign, is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon. In the summit, Lebanese Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil said that "Hezbollah enjoys wide representation and is an integral faction of the Lebanese community", while Iraqi Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari said PMF and Hezbollah "have preserved Arab dignity" and those who accuse them of being terrorists are terrorists themselves. They also signal complete coordination in Iran’s foreign policy. The group remains on Foreign Terrorist Organization and The party sidelined members and leaders preferring confrontation and rejection of the Lebanese system, replacing them with pragmatists, like Abbas Mousaoui and Hassan Nasrallah. [440] Shortly before a speech by Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, U.S. [88], United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 called for the disarmament of militia[195] with the Taif agreement at the end of the Lebanese civil war. [49], In 2006, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah met in Mar Mikhayel Church, Chiyah, and signed a memorandum of understanding between Free Patriotic Movement and Hezbollah organizing their relation and discussing Hezbollah's disarmament with some conditions. [145] Unlike Amal, whose support is predominantly in the south of the country, Hezbollah maintains broad-based support in all three areas of Lebanon with a majority Shia Muslim population: in the south, in Beirut and its surrounding area, and in the northern Beqaa valley and Hirmil region. Sela, Avraham. Translated excerpts from Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto read: We are the sons of the umma (Muslim community) ... [102][103] Finally, Hezbollah consider Israel to be an illegitimate state. Therefore, instead of confronting the Amal Party – which sought to empower Shiites as loyal Lebanese citizens – it chose to coopt its rival-cum¬-ally by stressing their mutual concern for the well-being of Lebanese Shiites. For starters, it publicly dropped its rejection of the Lebanese republic, instead running in the 1992 parliamentary elections, Lebanon’s first since 1972, Inter-Parliamentary Union and winning 12 seats. Robert Rabil. [37] A Lebanese public opinion poll taken in August 2006 shows that most of the Shia did not believe that Hezbollah should disarm after the 2006 Lebanon war, while the majority of Sunni, Druze and Christians believed that they should. ", "Anti-Semitic Series Airs on Arab Television. ", "'New Yorker' Writer Warns of Hezbollah's Radicalism. The Zaydi Shiite Houthis are not a proper Iranian proxy, and they neither share Hezbollah’s religious nor Wilayat al-Faqih orientation. Eighty percent of Christians polled supported Hezbollah, along with 80 percent of Druze and 89 percent of Sunnis. Hezbollah said three Lebanese Shiites, "acting in self-defense", were killed in the clashes with the FSA. Within the Majlis al-Shura, there existed seven specialized committees dealing with ideological, financial, military and political, judicial, informational and social affairs. "The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program"By Joseph Elie Alagha, Published by Amsterdam University Press, 2006. The Lebanese man was in possession of photographs of Israeli targets and had information on Israeli airlines flying back and forth from Cyprus, and planned to blow up a plane or tour bus. "[147] Hezbollah, along with the Amal Movement, represents most of Lebanese Shi'a. Hezbollah regards cultural, political, and religious freedoms in Lebanon as sanctified, although it does not extend these values to groups who have relations with Israel. Lebanese MP Antoine Zahra said that the issue is another item "in the endless list of excuses" meant to justify the continued existence of Hezbullah's arsenal. Meanwhile, the group will continue to expand its already-impressive array of social services, which act as an invitation to its model of government for Shiite and non-Shiite Lebanese alike. [443], Former Swiss member of parliament, Jean Ziegler, said in 2006: "I refuse to describe Hezbollah as a terrorist group. [99][100][101] Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their withdrawal was verified by the United Nations as being in accordance with resolution 425 of 19 March 1978, however Lebanon considers the Shebaa farms—a 26-km² (10-mi²) piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be Syrian territory occupied by Israel—to be Lebanese territory. Lebanese society and state were an impediment to Hezbollah’s goals, easier overcome by circumvention and appropriation , rather than through a direct challenge. Its “resistance activities” against Israel have been consistently supported by every Lebanese president and Prime Minister’s cabinet since Taef. Its military strength has grown so significantly since 2006[36][37] that its paramilitary wing is considered more powerful than the Lebanese Army. Hezbollah has been one of the main parties of the March 8 Alliance since March 2005. The ideology of Hezbollah has been summarized as Shi'i radicalism;[91][92][93] Hezbollah follows the Islamic Shi'a theology developed by Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. [51] Since 2012, Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war has seen it join the Syrian government in its fight against the Syrian opposition, which Hezbollah has described as a Zionist plot and a "Wahhabi-Zionist conspiracy" to destroy its alliance with Bashar al-Assad against Israel. [33], American and Israeli counter-terrorism officials claim that Hezbollah has (or had) links to Al Qaeda, although Hezbollah's leaders deny these allegations. [312][313] Although Hezbollah and Hamas are not organizationally linked, Hezbollah provides military training as well as financial and moral support to the Sunni Palestinian group. [191] Hezbollah has also used drones against Israel, by penetrating air defense systems, in a report verified by Nasrallah, who added, "This is only part of our capabilities". Iran’s Support for Hezbollah Hezbollah makes no secret of receiving financial support from Iran. Hezbollah and the IDF fought each other again in the 2006 Lebanon War. [138][139], The United States has accused members of the Venezuelan government of providing financial aid to Hezbollah.[140]. The group also derives part of its income from tapping into transnational criminal activities, including counterfeiting currencies, documents and goods, credit card fraud, money-laundering, arms smuggling, and drug-trafficking – particularly marijuana, cocaine, and captagon. ", "Analysis: Hezbollah a force to be reckoned with", "پیشنهاد عربستان برای تشکیل نیروی مقابله با حزبالله", "Hezbollah Upsets The Balance in Lebanon", "Israeli Minister: In Another War With Hezbollah, Lebanon And Its Infrastructure Will Be Fair Game", "IDF chief says Iranian missiles overhyped, but sent a message", "Syria is shipping Scud missiles to Hezbollah", "Syria: Israel's Scud accusation may be pretense for attack", "Hezbollah, Already a Capable Military Force, Makes Full Use of Civilian Shields and Media Manipulation", "Hezbollah Reportedly Acquires SA-18 SAMs", "Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. [69] Amal, the main Lebanese Shia political group, initiated guerrilla warfare. ... As for our culture, it is based on the Holy Quran, the Sunna and the legal rulings of the faqih who is our source of imitation ...[34], From the inception of Hezbollah to the present,[34][97] the elimination of the State of Israel has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. As a result, the Lebanese Army – once Hezbollah’s enemy that killed 13 of its members in the early 1990s – became the group’s ally against the Israeli occupation. Hezbollah’s argument for retaining its arsenal, hinging on the army’s alleged inability to defend the country from external threats, has convinced rank-and-file Lebanese of all sects, including the country’s current president, Michel Aoun, that Hezbollah is necessary for national defense. "[249], In July 2012, a Lebanese man was detained by Cyprus police on possible charges relating to terrorism laws for planning attacks against Israeli tourists. "[254] The result of the Bulgarian investigation comes at a time when Israel has been petitioning the European Union to join the United States in designating Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.[254]. "[404] Germany does not maintain its own list of terrorist organizations, having chosen to adopt the common EU list. However, Hezbollah's early primary focus was ending Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon[5] following Israel's 1982 invasion and siege of Beirut. With Iranian assistance, Hezbollah grew its rocket arsenal from an estimated 12,000 projectiles in 2006 to a current estimate of more than 150,000 rockets. [172]:772, 775, According to Ahmad Hamzeh, Hezbollah's counterintelligence service is divided into Amn al-Muddad, responsible for "external" or "encounter" security; and Amn al-Hizb, which protects the organization's integrity and its leaders. The Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre estimated that Hezbollah's armed wing comprises 1,000 full-time Hezbollah members, along with a further 6,000–10,000 volunteers. We don’t have a military wing and a political wing.”, Nasrallah’s deputy Naim Qassem has likewise rejected the military vs. political distinction as a “concoction,” stressing in October 2012 the unity of Hezbollah. [419] This position has prompted criticism from anti-government Syrians. The developing narrative in certain policy circles and among Israeli officials is that Lebanon and Hezbollah are now the same, and any distinction between them is purely artificial. The leaders of the March 14 alliance and other prominent Lebanese figures called on Hezbollah to end its involvement in Syria and said it is putting Lebanon at risk. Its strength was reduced in late 2013 from 500 to 200–250 due to residents complaints about some fighters of the group exacerbating tensions with the local community.[203]. Hassan Nasrallah said in a televised speech that such talks could benefit Tehran and its allies and calm tensions in the region. ", "Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread", "Letter dated January 25, 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", Washington Institute for Near East Policy, "Security council endorses secretary-general's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June", Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah's Struggle Against Israel, "Lebanon and Israel: Nasrallah wins the war. Syria has denied supplying these weapons and views these claims as an Israeli excuse for an attack. Hezbollah is ultimately linked to the Islamic Republic of Iran, and is perhaps its most successful creation. Scholars differ as to when Hezbollah came to be a distinct entity. "It is an additional factor that we will have to deal with. Iran also provides Hezbollah with weapons – everything from small arms and Katyusha rockets, to more advanced platforms, including anti-tank rockets, longer-range surface-to-surface missiles, and anti-ship missiles.
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