Der Central Park wird jedes Jahr von etwa 25 Millionen Menschen aus aller Welt besucht. [117] It was intended to accommodate boats in the summer and ice skaters in winter. Der Park im Stadtteil Manhattan hat die Größe des Fürstentums Monaco und gliedert sich in verschiedene Bereiche. [19] The number of unique visitors is much lower; a Central Park Conservancy report conducted in 2011[update] found that between eight and nine million people visited Central Park, with 37 to 38 million visits between them. 15. [457] Only one streetcar line traversed Central Park: the 86th Street Crosstown Line, the predecessor to the M86 bus. Central Park is a large public park in Manhattan in New York City. [218][219][220] Real estate developer Donald Trump renovated the Wollman Rink in 1987 after plans to renovate it were delayed repeatedly. [1] It was placed on UNESCO's list of tentative World Heritage Sites in 2017. [154], In the late 19th century the landscape architect Samuel Parsons took the position of New York City parks superintendent. [107][72] By the following month, chief engineer Viele reported that the project employed nearly 700 workers. With the proliferation of cars among the middle class in the 1920s, traffic increased on the drives, to as many as eight thousand cars per hour in 1929. Other rocks frequented by climbers, mostly at the south end of the park, include Dog Rock, Duck Rock, Rock N' Roll Rock, and Beaver Rock. The city found that West Drive was open for two hours during the morning rush period and was used by an average of 1,050 vehicles a day, while East Drive was open 12 hours a day and was used by an average of 3,400 vehicles daily. Met zo’n 25 miljoen bezoekers per jaar is het park het meest bezochte park in de Verenigde Staten. "Handmade rustic benches" can cost more than half a million dollars and are only granted when the honoree underwrites a major park project. Het is het bekendste park van New York en wellicht zelfs van de Verenigde Staten. The park's sheepfold (now Tavern on the Green) and Ladies' Meadow were designed by Mould in 1870–1871, followed by the administrative offices on the 86th Street transverse in 1872. [312][313] The Pond was adapted from part of the former DeVoor's Mill Stream, which used to flow into the East River at the modern-day neighborhood of Turtle Bay. While the wealthy could ride horses on bridle paths or travel in horse-drawn carriages, almost everyone was able to participate in sports such as ice-skating or rowing, or listen to concerts at the Mall's bandstand. [318] Nannarrup hoffmani, a centipede species discovered in Central Park in 2002, is one of the smallest centipedes in the world at about 0.4 inches (10 mm) long. Construction began the same year; existing structures, including a majority-Black settlement named Seneca Village, were seized through eminent domain and razed. Its size and cultural position make it a model for the world's urban parks. [482][483] Three years later, an investment banker was raped and brutally beaten in what came to be known as the Central Park jogger case. [397][398], Cleopatra's Needle, a red granite obelisk west of the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[4] is the oldest man-made structure in Central Park. Lastminute NewYork. Central Park es un parque urbano público situado en el distrito metropolitano de Manhattan, en la ciudad de Nueva York, Estados Unidos. [275][276] Historically, the Ramble was known as a place for private homosexual encounters due to its seclusion. [50][51][52] At the time, the site was occupied by free black people and Irish immigrants who had developed a property-owning community there since 1825. [440], Central Park has been the site of concerts almost since its inception. [68][69][70] The following April, the state legislature passed a bill to authorize the appointment of four Democratic and seven Republican commissioners,[66][71] who had exclusive control over the planning and construction process. During some 2004 protests, the organization United for Peace and Justice wanted to hold a rally on the Great Lawn during the Republican National Convention. The precinct employs both regular police and auxiliary officers. In Central Park, Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock, are exposed in various outcroppings. [169] The following year, mayor Walker commissioned landscape designer Herman W. Merkel to create a plan to improve Central Park. [223] A $51 million campaign, announced in 1993,[224] resulted in the restoration of bridle trails,[225] the Mall,[226] the Harlem Meer,[227] and the North Woods,[223] and the construction of the Dana Discovery Center on the Harlem Meer. [296] Most of the turtles live in Turtle Pond, and many of these are former pets that were released into the park. [458], Central Park contains four transverse roadways that carry crosstown traffic across the park. Der Central Park ist der New Yorker Stadtpark und wurde 1859 als reiner Landschaftsgarten eröffnet. [104][150] Olmsted blamed politicians, real estate owners, and park workers for Central Park's decline, though high maintenance costs were also a factor. [346] Catch and release fishing is allowed in the Lake, Pond, and Harlem Meer. The park is bigger than Monaco and Vatican City, though some other parks in the city are even larger. Terrace Drive is at 72nd Street and connects West and East Drives, passing over Bethesda Terrace and Fountain. [117][119] The section of Central Park south of 79th Street was mostly completed by 1860. U.S. National Register of Historic Places, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, New York City Fire Department Bureau of EMS, Alice in Wonderland Margaret Delacorte Memorial, "Central Park Conservancy—Official Central Park Tours", "Surveying Effort Alters Sizes of Some New York Parks", "Census Apparently Did Check Behind Every Tree", "The World's Most-visited Tourist Attractions", "Mayor Koch Sets Up Conservancy for Central Park", "Private Group Signs Central Park Deal To Be Its Manager", "The Central Park Effect: Assessing the Value of Central Park's Contribution to New York City's Economy", "New York Has 77 Police Precincts. 2 3 0. 1 0 0. Excavations for the project have uncovered pegmatite, feldspar, quartz, biotite, and several metals. [266], Various bus routes pass through Central Park or stop along its boundaries. Als je het Central Park eens wilt verkennen, is het een leuk idee om met de fiets door het park te peddelen. [103][104][105] These ordinances were effective: by 1866, there had been nearly eight million visits and only 110 arrests in the park's history. The park was named a National Historic Landmark in 1963. [7][8] It has eight lakes and ponds that were created artificially by damming natural seeps and flows. These engravings typically contain short personalized messages and can be installed for at least $10,000 apiece. [16], Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States[17] and one of the most visited tourist attractions worldwide,[18] with 42 million visitors in 2016. [85] The plan eschewed symmetry, instead opting for a more picturesque design. Zunächst wären da natürlich die Hochhäuser von New York, die sich um den Park herum erheben.Durch die Größe des Central Parks sieht man natürlich entsprechend nur eine Häuserreihe. Gaat u er een tijdje rondslenteren en foto's maken, op een bankje zitten of in het gras liggen? [373][384][385] Most of the sculptures were not part of the Greensward Plan, but were nevertheless included to placate wealthy donors when appreciation of art increased in the late 19th century. [332] Some of the more famous birds include a male red-tailed hawk called Pale Male, who made his perch on an apartment building overlooking Central Park in 1991. Der Central Park New York liegt im Stadtteil Manhattan und erstreckt sich dort längs von der 59. bis zur 110. The 97th Street transverse likewise joins the disconnected segments of 96th and 97th streets. In zoveel films zag ik het park langskomen, zonder mijzelf te realiseren hoe immens groot Central Park werkelijk zou zijn. [455], Some of the buses running on the edge of Central Park replaced former streetcar routes that formerly traveled across Manhattan. Die erste Staffel erschien ab dem 29. Finden Sie Top-Angebote für New York - Central Park - Blossom Blumen Pflanzen - Poster Druck - Größe 61x91,5 bei eBay. 3 approximately 700 feet (210 m) underground. These include four individual American Elms and one American Elm grove; the 600 pine trees in the Arthur Ross Pinetum; a Black Tupelo in the Ramble; 35 Yoshino Cherries on the east side of the Onassis Reservoir; one of the park's oldest London Plane trees at 96th Street; and an Evodia at Heckscher Playground. [138], Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired in mid-1865. [177][179][180] The Tavern on the Green was renovated and expanded in 1974;[410] it was closed in 2009 and reopened five years later after a renovation. [412], In the late 19th century, West and East Drives was a popular place for carriage rides, though only five percent of the city was able to afford a carriage. [129] As superintendent of the park, Green accelerated construction, though having little experience in architecture. For other uses, see, Interactive map showing location of Central Park. [95] Pilat was the park's chief landscape architect, whose primary responsibility was the importation and placement of plants within the park. 4 2 1. [5][6], The park has natural-looking plantings and landforms, having been almost entirely landscaped when built in the 1850s and 1860s. [99][100], Central Park was difficult to construct because of the generally rocky and swampy landscape. The M1, M2, M3, and M4 run southbound along Fifth Avenue with corresponding northbound bus service on Madison Avenue. [77][78][79] The commission specified that each entry contain extremely detailed specifications, as mandated by the consulting board. The needles are so named because they were later moved to in front of the Caesarium in Alexandria, a temple originally built by Cleopatra VII of Egypt in honor of Mark Antony. [277], The Hallett Nature Sanctuary is at the southeastern corner of Central Park. [364], The Dana Discovery Center is at the northeast section of the park, on the shore of the Harlem Meer. [4][369] The North Woods takes up the rest of the northern third of the park. [25], Renovations continued through the first decade of the 21st century, and a project to restore the pond was commenced in 2000. [454], Central Park incorporates a system of pedestrian walkways, scenic drives, bridle paths, and transverse roads to aid traffic circulation,[354] and it is easily accessible via several subway stations and bus routes. [162] These associations advocated against such changes to the park as the construction of a library,[163] sports stadium,[164] a cultural center,[165] and an underground parking lot. [10] Central Park includes 36 ornamental bridges, all with different designs. [363] The center of the circle contains a memorial to Frederick Douglass, dedicated in 2011. According to American Community Survey five-year estimates, the park was home to four females with a median age of 19.8. In Central Park komen de New Yorkers joggen, fietsen, skaten, luieren, uitrusten, eten en slapen. [8] In total, over 20,000 individuals helped construct Central Park. The attractions along Center Drive include Victorian Gardens, the Central Park Carousel, and the Central Park Mall. Recreational activities include carriage-horse and bicycle tours, bicycling, sports facilities, and concerts and events such as Shakespeare in the Park. [340] Eastern gray squirrels, Eastern chipmunks, and Virginia opossums inhabit the park. The M66, M72, M79 SBS (Select Bus Service), M86 SBS, M96 and M106 buses use the transverse roads across Central Park. [4][368] The North Meadow Recreation Center, tennis courts, and the East Meadow, sit between the Loch to the north and the reservoir to the south. The road, which carries southbound bicycle and horse-carriage traffic, winds through the western part of Central Park, connecting Lenox Avenue/Central Park North with Seventh Avenue/Central Park South and Central Drive. [329][330] Overall, 303 bird species have been seen in the park since the first official list of records was published,[328] and an estimated 200 species are spotted every season. [72] Olmsted employed workers using day labor, hiring men directly without any contracts and paying them by the day. [227] This was followed by the Conservancy's overhaul of the 55 acres (22 ha) near the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, which was completed in 1997. [13][14] Central Park constitutes its own United States census tract, numbered 143. Wollman Rink. Ook worden er vele films opgenomen in het park. Der Central Park in New York ist ein riesiger Park mitten in Manhattan. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were the primary designers, assisted by board member Andrew Haswell Green, architect Jacob Wrey Mould, master gardener Ignaz Anton Pilat, and engineer George E. Waring, Jr..[93][94] Olmsted was responsible for the overall plan, while Vaux designed some of the finer details. [4], East Drive, the easternmost of the three drives, connects northbound bicycle and carriage traffic from Midtown to the Upper West Side at Lenox Avenue. Unlike the rest of the drive system, which is generally serpentine, East Drive is straight between the 86th and 96th Street transverses, because it is between Fifth Avenue and the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir. Der Central Park war schon des Öfteren Filmkulisse für bekannte Hollywood Filme wie "Kevin allein in New York" oder "Der Herrscher vom Central Park". The Tavern on the Green, located at Central Park West and West 67th Street, was built in 1870 as a sheepfold and was converted into a restaurant in 1934. [222], Work on the northern end of the park began in 1989. [141] A new charter created by Tammany boss William M. Tweed abolished the old 11-member commission and replaced it with one with five men composed of Green and four other Tammany-connected figures. [4] The park has five visitor centers: Charles A. Dana Discovery Center, Belvedere Castle, Chess & Checkers House, the Dairy, and Columbus Circle. The pond was originally part of the Croton receiving reservoir. [308] The shore of Conservatory Water contains the Kerbs Memorial Boathouse,[309] where patrons can rent and navigate model boats. Daarnaast heeft New York st… New York City Stichworte. [131] Only three major structures were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the Casino restaurant, both later demolished, and the Bethesda Terrace and Fountain. [202] In 1979, Parks Commissioner Gordon Davis established the Office of Central Park Administrator and appointed Elizabeth Barlow, the executive director of the Central Park Task Force, to the position. [411] The Loeb Boathouse restaurant is located at the Loeb Boathouse, on the Lake, near Fifth Avenue between 74th and 75th streets. The 2014 death of Jill Tarlov, after she was hit by a cyclist on West 63rd Street, called attention to the issue. [378][379] "Rustic" shelters and other structures were originally spread out through the park. Das Straßennetz misst 10.300 km, die Strände sind fast 30 km lang. It measures 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from north to south and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from west to east. [414] The carriages have become a symbolic institution of the city; for instance, in a much-publicized event after the September 11 attacks, Mayor Rudy Giuliani went to the stables to ask the drivers to go back to work to help return a sense of normality. In the 1930s, because people had not taken care of the park, it was cleaned up and changed by Robert Moses. [157] Under Parsons' leadership, two circles (now Duke Ellington and Frederick Douglass Circles) were constructed at the northern corners of the park. [9][314] The western section of the Pond was converted into Wollman Rink in 1950. Mit über 345 Hektar ist der Central Park zweimal so groß wie das Fürstentum Monaco! [25] The Conservancy provides maintenance support and staff training programs for other public parks in New York City, and has assisted with the development of new parks such as the High Line and Brooklyn Bridge Park. [36] These plans were endorsed by New York Evening Post editor William Cullen Bryant,[37][38][39] and by Andrew Jackson Downing, one of the first American landscape designers. #centralpark #nyc #newyork #newyorkcity #parks #outdoors #spring #nature #obelisk #egypt #ancient #artifact #landmark In 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they entitled the Greensward Plan. [167], The Heckscher Playground—named after philanthropist August Heckscher, who donated the play equipment—opened near its southern end in 1926,[168][169] and quickly became popular with poor immigrant families. [143], One of the areas that remained relatively untouched was the underdeveloped western side of Central Park, though some large structures would be erected in the park's remaining empty plots. Om jouw bezoek aan dit imposante park nog interessanter te maken, zetten we de leukste weetjes over Central Park op een rijtje. Central Park. [110], For several months, the park commissioners faced funding issues,[73][113] and a dedicated workforce and funding stream was not secured until June 1858. [223] North Woods contains the 55-acre (22 ha) Ravine, a forest with deciduous trees on its northwestern slope, and the Loch, a small stream that winds diagonally through North Woods. [240] The final feature to be restored was the East Meadow, which was rehabilitated in 2011. Zum echten New York Erlebnis im Winter gehört ganz klar das Schlittschuhlaufen auf einer der Eisbahnen dazu. There are 21 children's playgrounds,[10] and 6.1 miles (9.8 km) of drives. [9] There are several wooded sections, lawns, meadows, and minor grassy areas. [106], In late August 1857, workers began building fences, clearing vegetation, draining the land, and leveling uneven terrain. [132][140], The Tammany Hall political machine, which was the largest political force in New York at the time, was in control of Central Park for a brief period beginning in April 1870. [197] During the late 1960s, the park became the venue for rallies and cultural events such as the "love-ins" and "be-ins" of the period. [430], There are 26 baseball fields in Central Park: eight on the Great Lawn, six at Heckscher Ballfields near Columbus Circle, and twelve in the North Meadow. [4][269], The southernmost part of Central Park, below Terrace Drive, contains several children's attractions and other flagship features. [176][178] The western part of the Pond at the park's southeast corner became an ice skating rink called Wollman Rink,[177] roads were improved or widened,[179] and twenty-one playgrounds were added. [323] The majority of them are native to New York City, but there are several clusters of non-native species. The city denied an application for a permit, stating that such a mass gathering would be harmful to the grass and the damage would make it harder to collect private donations to maintain the park. [366] An ice-skating rink, Lasker Rink, is adjacent to the Harlem Meer, above the Loch near Fifth Avenue and 107th Street. [242] The next year, mayor Bill de Blasio announced that West and East drives north of 72nd Street would be closed to vehicular traffic, because the city's data showed that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic flows. [162] The Central Park Association and the Parks and Playgrounds Association were merged into the Park Association of New York City two years later. [178] These projects used funds from the New Deal program, and donations from the public. 3 4 1. [152][153] The 1904 opening of the New York City Subway displaced Central Park as the city's predominant leisure destination, as New Yorkers could travel to farther destinations such as Coney Island beaches or Broadway theaters for a five-cent fare. [339] Because of the prevalence of raccoons, the Parks Department posts rabies advisories. [170][171] One of the suggested modifications, underground irrigation pipes, were installed soon after Merkel's report was submitted. Avenue. Tussen 1821 en 1855 groeide het inwoneraantal van New York in razend tempo. There are seven high-priority "A Lawns", collectively covering 65 acres (26 ha), that are heavily used: Sheep Meadow, Great Lawn, North Meadow, East Meadow, Conservatory Garden, Heckscher Ballfields, and the Lawn Bowling and Croquet Greens near Sheep Meadow. The Cleopatra’s Needle in Central Park is a well-known landmark and it is the oldest man-made object in the Park, dating back some 3500 years or so to its creation in Egypt. [214], On completion of the planning stage in 1985, the Conservancy launched its first campaign[190] and mapped out a 15-year restoration plan. Die beliebtesten Adressen fürs Eislaufen sind am Rockefeller Center und im Central Park, aber es gibt natürlich noch weitere Eisbahnen. [501][502] A December 2017 report found that 231 movies had used it for on-location shoots, more than the 160 movies that had filmed in Greenwich Village or the 99 movies that had filmed in Times Square. [185] One of the more controversial projects proposed during this time was a 1956 dispute over a parking lot for Tavern in the Green. [151] By the 1890s, the park faced several challenges: cars were becoming commonplace, and with the proliferation of amusements and refreshment stands, people were beginning to see the park as a recreational attraction. [361], Duke Ellington Circle, at the northeastern corner, forms the junction between Fifth Avenue and Central Park North/110th Street. Other films, including The Fisher King (1991), Marathon Man (1976), The Out of Towners (1970), and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), use the park for dramatic conflict scenes. [284] It is fed by two interconnected water features: the Pool, a pond within the North Woods fed by drinking water,[286] and the Loch, a small stream with three cascades that winds through the North Woods. According to the report, nearly two-thirds of visitors are regular park users who enter the park at least once weekly, and about 70% of visitors live in New York City. [481] After World War II, it was feared that gay men perpetrated sex crimes and attracted violence. Der Central Park ist der größte Park in der US-amerikanischen Metropole New York und das beliebteste Naherholungsgebiet der Einwohner des Big Apple. [342] The more prevalent Asian long-horned beetle is an invasive species that has infected trees in Long Island and Manhattan, including in Central Park. [32] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the outline for Manhattan's modern street grid, included several smaller open spaces but not Central Park. [183][184] Though the boathouse was constructed in 1954,[184] its restaurant opened in 1983. [10] By the 1960s, the park became a bad place to go again, so in the 1980s and 1990s, the Central Park Conservancy was made. [463], The park has three scenic drives that travel through it vertically. Het park in New York ligt tussen de wijken de Upper West en Upper East Side in Manhattan. ... New York Central Park. Ročně ho navštíví asi 42 milionů lidí a stal se nejčastěji fotografovaným místem světa. [337][338], Central Park has approximately ten species of mammals as of 2013[update]. A 1973 report noted that the park suffered from severe erosion and tree decay, and that individual structures were being vandalized or neglected. New York City Teich See. [31], Between 1821 and 1855, New York City's population nearly quadrupled. Schlittschuhlaufen in New York kann man ab Anfang Oktober. The acquisition was controversial because of its location, small size, and cost. The conservancy cares for 250 acres of lawns, 21,500 trees, 150 acres of lakes and streams, and 130 acres of woodlands. [4][355] Built in the 1860s,[355] it contains the Merchant's Gate entrance to the park.,[353] and is largest feature is the 1892 Columbus Monument[355][356] and was the subject of controversies in the 2010s. Will Its Fans Love It to Death? Directly south of the Reservoir is the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond. [131] One of the main attractions was the "Carriage Parade", a daily display of horse-drawn carriages that traversed the park. Its influence earned Central Park the designations of National Historic Landmark in 1963 and of New York City scenic landmark in 1974. Central Park has about 35,000,000 visitors every year. Er erstreckt sich von der 59th bis zur 110th Street (und von der Fifth Avenue zur 8th Avenue) und wurde mit ein paar Ausnahmen unberührter Natur künstlich angelegt. [7][8] Modern steam-powered equipment and custom tree-moving machines augmented the work of unskilled laborers. [174] At the time, the lawns were filled with weeds and dust patches, while many trees were dying or already dead. [459], The 66th Street transverse was the first to be finished, having opened in December 1859. [58] Clearing began shortly after the land commission's report was released in October 1855,[49][59] and approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under eminent domain. [29] Some well-publicized crimes have occurred since then: for instance, on June 11, 2000, following the Puerto Rican Day Parade, gangs of drunken men sexually assaulted women in the park. [449], There are several regular summer events. [293][294] The Onassis Reservoir was created as a new, landscaped storage reservoir to the north of the Croton Aqueduct's rectangular receiving reservoir. Open All Year 65th street along Center Drive. [97][98] Waring was one of the engineers working under Grant's leadership and was in charge of land drainage. [259][262] It measures 55 feet (17 m) wide and 15 feet (4.6 m) tall with different east, west, and north faces. [4][373] Near the southwestern shore of the Lake is Strawberry Fields, a memorial to John Lennon who was murdered nearby;[4][375] Sheep Meadow, a lawn originally intended for use as a parade ground;[376] and Tavern on the Green, a restaurant. [173], In 1934, Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor of New York City. The lowest-prioritized type of turf, "D Lawns", cover 162 acres (66 ha) and are open year-round with few barriers or access restrictions. The controversy placed Moses, an urban planner known for displacing families for other large projects around the city, against a group of mothers who frequented a wooded hollow at the site of a parking lot. [233] It started refurbishing the ceiling tiles of the Bethesda Arcade,[234] which was completed in 2007. [7] The regulations were sometimes strict. [81][82][83] Three other plans were designated as runners-up and featured in a city exhibit. [388], A number of the sculptures are busts of authors and poets, located on Literary Walk adjacent to the Central Park Mall. Many rocks, soil, and plants were put in the park. [30], A free volunteer medical emergency service, the Central Park Medical Unit, operates within Central Park. [268][269][270] It covers about 90 acres (36 ha) adjacent to North Meadow. [490] A judge of the New York Supreme Court's New York County branch upheld the refusal. [246][247][248] Later in 2018, it was announced that the Delacorte Theater would be closed from 2020 to 2022 for a $110 million rebuild. [382][383], Twenty-nine sculptures have been erected within Central Park's boundaries. [146] Even though Olmsted and Vaux's partnership was dissolved by the end of 1872,[147] the park was not officially completed until 1876. [139] Several structures were erected, including the Children's District, the Ballplayers House, and the Dairy in the southern part of Central Park. Such a viewpoint was reinforced following a 1941 incident when 12-year-old Jerome Dore fatally stabbed 15-year-old James O'Connell in the northern section of the park. [267] North Woods, the largest of the woodlands, is at the northwestern corner of Central Park. [402] The needle in Central Park arrived in late 1880 and was dedicated early the following year. Main attractions include landscapes such as the Ramble and Lake, Hallett Nature Sanctuary, the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir, and Sheep Meadow; amusement attractions such as Wollman Rink, Central Park Carousel, and the Central Park Zoo; formal spaces such as the Central Park Mall and Bethesda Terrace; and the Delacorte Theater. A third sculpture grouping primarily depicts "subjects in nature" such as animals and hunters. [3][11] The park drives contain protected bike lanes[426] and are used as the home course for the racing series of the Century Road Club Association, a USA Cycling-sanctioned amateur cycling club. 4 2 0. [134] The Upper Reservoir was completed the following year.
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