At most, foreign ideas helped foster a more questioning attitude toward traditional institutions and authority. Crecimiento económico en el espacio peruano, 1681–1800: una visión a partir de la agricultura. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, The indigenous world and the word “Indian”, Conquest society in the central mainland areas, Institutional, legal, and intellectual developments, Spanish America in the age of the Bourbons, The north and the culmination of independence, Political models and the search for authority, Political and economic transitions, 1850–70, The United States and Latin America in the Cold War era, Latin America at the end of the 20th century. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Distinct interests and long-standing resentment of the viceregal capital led different regions in the south to pursue separate destinies. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence." The first chapter deals with the origins of independence from Spain; the next two consider the struggle for independence in Mexico and Central America and in Spanish South America. In 1807 the Spanish king, Charles IV, granted passage through Spanish territory to Napoleon’s forces on their way to invade Portugal. An early radical liberal government dominated by Mariano Moreno gave way to a series of triumvirates and supreme directors. After independence was successfully achieved, during the 1820s, 1830s, and on into the 1840s, many Latin American nations exhibited what we call “new nations” problems. It was in the 19 th century when American born … Spain fought valiantly to hold on to its rich colonies. Bolívar fought the Spanish in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia for several years, decisively beating them several times. Minster, Christopher. When the Spanish crown entered into an alliance with France in 1795, it set off a series of developments that opened up economic and political distance between the Iberian countries and their American colonies. The effort only served to harden the position of Creole rebels. It’s a limited concept but a useful one that first gets illustrated by the Latin American experience but then also by experiences later in the 20th century in many parts of Africa, Southeast Asia, etc. Interesting, yet compact history of Latin America's independence movements is good enough to satisfy the knowledge of most who don't wish to read similar books of more than 200 pages. In Cuba, Spanish forces put down several major rebellions, including one which lasted from 1868 to 1878. However, those profits merely whetted those Creoles’ appetites for greater free trade than the Bourbons were willing to grant. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. His ragtag army made it partway to the capital before being driven back, and Hidalgo himself was captured and executed in July of 1811. After difficult conquests of their home regions, the two movements spread the cause of independence through other territories, finally meeting on the central Pacific coast. By the time Bolívar’s armies finally completed the liberation of Upper Peru (then renamed in the Liberator’s honour), the region had long since separated itself from Buenos Aires. Country Independence Argentina 9 July 1816 (from Spain) Belize 21 September 1981 (from UK) Bolivia 6 August 1825 (from Spain) Brazil 7... Read Article More generally, Creoles reacted angrily against the crown’s preference for peninsulars in administrative positions and its declining support of the caste system and the Creoles’ privileged status within it. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes led it. A constituent assembly meeting in 1813 adopted a flag, anthem, and other symbols of national identity, but the apparent unity disintegrated soon afterward. Napoleon's invasion of Spain (1807-1808) provided the spark the rebels needed. Independence in Latin America Social Studies for 9th E.G.B. Consequently, the forces under San Martín managed only a shaky hold on Lima and the coast. Having benefited from colonial monopolies and fearful of the kind of social violence that the late 18th-century revolt had threatened, many Peruvian Creoles were not anxious to break with Spain. Caught between the loyalism of Spanish officers and the imperialist intentions of Buenos Aires and Portuguese Brazil, the regional leader José Gervasio Artigas formed an army of thousands of gauchos. During 1808–10 juntas emerged to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII. Shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, Napoleon had them both imprisoned. Although Spain lost all of their colonies on the mainland by 1825, it retained control over Cuba and Puerto Rico. Create a personalised content profile. San Martin also spent his youth in Spain and was a career military officer. After hundreds of years of proven service to Spain, the American-born elites felt that the Bourbons were now treating them like a recently conquered nation. Use precise geolocation data. This attempt failed, but Miranda returned in 1810 to head up the First Venezuelan Republic with Simón Bolívar and others. Sentiment had been growing in the colonies for some time, dating back to the American Revolution. None were successful, however, and Puerto Rico did not become independent from Spain until 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War. Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Store and/or access information on a device. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. They are numerous, and prosperous, although often small. Google Scholar Many Latin American scholars have also considered the relationships between Cubans and Latin Americans and the experiences of Cubans in Latin America during the independence process. This was evident in the assembly that finally proclaimed independence in 1816; that body received no delegates from several provinces, even though it was held outside Buenos Aires, in the interior city of Tucumán (in full, San Miguel de Tucumán). (2021, April 25). Final destruction of loyalist resistance in the highlands required the entrance of northern armies. But they all share a great bond, the country of their ancestors. One of the first causes of the Independence of Latin America was the Creoles. It’s often the case that these Independence Days are national holidays. Since Spain had rule over the Latin American countries, the Creoles were one of many groups that led the struggle for Latin Independence. This attempt failed, but Miranda returned in 1810 to head up the First Venezuelan Republic with Simón Bolívar and others. The Spanish political tradition centred on the figure of the monarch, yet, with Charles and Ferdinand removed from the scene, the hub of all political authority was missing. Graham attributed independence generally to a chain of events starting with the constitutional crisis in Iberia and culminating in increasing militarization in the 1810s in Latin America. The movements that liberated Spanish South America arose from opposite ends of the continent. How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain. Between 1810 and 1825, most of Spain's former colonies declared and won independence and had divided up into republics. Spain’s wartime liberalization of colonial trade sharpened Creoles’ desires for greater economic self-determination. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. The independence struggle in northern Latin America began in 1806 when Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda first attempted to liberate his homeland with British help. In the process he set off a political crisis that swept across both Spain and its possessions. Latin American independence In Latin America, the Spanish and Portuguese had a great influence and political control in the countries; they used oppression, slavery, and racism as tools of their colonization. After the war, Cuba became a US protectorate and was granted independence in 1902. Spanish Americans now found themselves able to trade legally with other colonies, as well as with any neutral countries such as the United States. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro with some 15,000 officials, nobles, and other members of his court, John transformed the Brazilian colony into the administrative centre of his empire. Independence from Spain came suddenly for most of Latin America. "The Invention of Argentina." Morelos won a series of impressive victories against Spanish forces before being captured and executed in December 1815. 25, 2021, thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-latin-america-2136406. From the north came the movement led most famously by Simón Bolívar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. Other expeditions took the cause to Upper Peru, the region that would become Bolivia. It had already lost control of Hispaniola due to uprisings by enslaved people in Haiti. Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brassey's Inc., 2003. Teacher: Mauricio Torres Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. University of California Press, March 18, 1993. Although Spanish forces efficiently quashed most early rebellions, the idea of independence had taken root in the minds of the people of Latin America and continued to grow. Then there was the French Revolution, which began in 1789. Over the next decade and a half, Spanish Americans had to defend with arms their movement toward independence. The independence of Latin America. The struggles that produced independence in the south began even before Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain. Select personalised content. List of Partners (vendors). Independence in Latin American (HOLT) Early Struggles in Latin America By the early 1800s growing tensions among the different ethnic and social groups of Latin American society, as well as reforms imposed by colonial authorities in Europe, were leading to demands for change. Napoleon, seeking to expand his empire, attacked and defeated Spain, and he put his elder brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. Villalpando, José Manuel. In 1806 a British expeditionary force captured Buenos Aires. This topic, part of foundational narratives in the region, once represented the core of Latin American history. The independence movement in Latin America is a national independence movement, but its also a bourgeois revolution. Transcript Results of Independence Movements in Latin America Independence Movements in Latin America Introduction The American and French Revolutions took place in the late 1700s. The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. Bourgeois is a name from the French revolution which means the new educated class of people who have some … Minster, Christopher. Another major attempt at independence took place in 1895 when ragtag forces including Cuban poet and patriot José Martí were defeated at the Battle of Dos Ríos. Since the Latin American countries’ independence – and even today – large countries inside and outside the region have competed in this area. Although Argentine rebel forces fought several small battles with Spanish forces, most of their efforts went towards fighting larger Spanish garrisons in Peru and Bolivia. However, independence was not synonymous with revolution, and in Latin America, independence did not necessarily bring social or political change. Major Battles of Mexico's Independence From Spain, Biography of Simon Bolivar, 'Liberator of South America', The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence, Biography of José Francisco de San Martín, Latin American Liberator, The "Cry of Dolores" and Mexican Independence, The U.S. Occurrences in Europe in the early 19th century created a deep political divide between Spain and its American colonies. It considers the approach of Latin American jurisdictions in light of international principles. In Mexico City and Montevideo caretaker governments were the work of loyal peninsular Spaniards eager to head off Creole threats. In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cádiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. The fight for Argentine Independence was led by José de San Martín, an Argentine native who had been trained as a military officer in Spain. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is some disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. After its revolution of May 1810, the region was the only one to resist reconquest by loyalist troops throughout the period of the independence wars. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth, political power, and social status. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spain’s American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. When the Spanish colonial officials proved ineffective against the invasion, a volunteer militia of Creoles and peninsulars organized resistance and pushed the British out. Joining forces, the Chileans and Argentines soundly defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Maipú (near Santiago, Chile) on April 5, 1818, effectively ending Spanish control over the southern part of South America. Across the Río de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (“Eastern State,” later Uruguay). The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. https://www.thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-latin-america-2136406 (accessed May 11, 2021). He joined forces with Bernardo O’Higgins, son of Peru’s former viceroy to free Chile. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Without denouncing Ferdinand, Creoles throughout most of the region were moving toward the establishment of their own autonomous governments. Simon Bolivar: A Life. Unable to preserve any sort of monopoly on trade, the Spanish crown was forced to loosen the restrictions on its colonies’ commerce. JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA The Implications of Tenure and Appointment Processes This report examines some of the main ways legal systems can support and maintain judicial independence, a vital element of the rule of law. The United States of America declared independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776, thus becoming the first independent, foreign-recognized nation in the Americas and the first European colonial entity to break from its mother country.