Tito saw the Non-Aligned Movement as a way of presenting himself as a world leader of an important bloc of nations that would improve his bargaining power with both the eastern and western blocs. [182] In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict. [42] Tito's biographer, Richard West, wrote that Tito actually downplayed his military record as the Austrian Army records showed that he was a brave soldier, which contradicted his later claim to have been opposed to the Habsburg monarchy and his self-portrait of himself as an unwilling conscript fighting in a war he was opposed to. At the same time, runners in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina set off for Kumrovec, Tito's birthplace in northern Croatia. [175] The exposure of many Yugoslavs to the West and its culture led many people in Yugoslavia to view themselves as culturally closer to Western Europe than Eastern Europe. [104] Tito then received a message from the Politburo of the CPY to join them in Paris. [40] On one occasion, the scout platoon he commanded went behind the enemy lines and captured 80 Russian soldiers, bringing them back to their own lines alive. [44], Less than a month after Broz arrived in Petrograd, the July Days demonstrations broke out, and Broz joined in, coming under fire from government troops. Quelques semaines après la Libération, les dirigeants issus de la Résistance ou de l'opposition à Pétain (Léon Blum, Daniel Mayer, Christian Pineau, etc.) La guerre du moment est celle d'Algérie : en 1956, lorsque Guy Mollet s'engage dans la politique de maintien de la présence française, Robert Jospin le soutient.[réf. [246][full citation needed] Broz's official biographer and then fellow Central Committee-member Vladimir Dedijer stated in 1953 that he spoke "Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks Kazakh. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and co-operation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Lionel Jospin was born on July 12, 1937 (age 83) in France. Less than half were communists, and the rest were social-democrats and anti-fascists of various hues. Robert Jospin a épousé en premières noces Marie-Louise Massat dont il a eu trois enfants, dont Maurice dit « Mowgli » Jospin (1924-2003), journaliste scientifique sous le nom de Pierre Barrault et tromboniste de jazz qui a enregistré avec Claude Luter et Sidney Bechet en 1949-1950[18]. Ranković was, for almost twenty years, at the head of the State Security Administration, as well as Federal Secretary of Internal Affairs. [193] Yugoslavia managed to remain independent from the Soviet Union and its brand of socialism was in many ways the envy of Eastern Europe, but Tito's Yugoslavia remained a tightly controlled police state. Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). The actual mausoleum is called House of Flowers (Kuća Cveća) and numerous people visit the place as a shrine to "better times". [101] West concludes that despite being in competition with men like Gorkić for the leadership of the CPY, it was not in Tito's character to have innocent people sent to their deaths. mémoire de master de Guillaume Pollack. [58] Broz later wrote that during his time in Russia he heard much talk of Lenin, a little of Trotsky and "...as for Stalin, during the time I stayed in Russia, I never once heard his name". Analyse de la phrase. [176] On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1941, Žarko joined the Red Army to fight the invading Germans. Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. He was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks, during which he claimed to be an innocent citizen of Perm. [36] Tito in his own account of his military service did not mention that he participated in the failed Austrian invasion of Serbia, instead giving the misleading impression that he fought only in Galicia, as it would have offended Serbian opinion to know that he fought in 1914 for the Habsburgs against them. [239] The last time Haas saw Broz was in 1946. [a][b] He was the seventh or eighth child of Franjo Broz (1860–1936) and Marija née Javeršek (1864–1918). [119] In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. He gave no reason for choosing the name "Tito" except that it was a common nickname for men from the district where he grew up. The Brijuni islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on. Some historians argue that this shift from Communist orthodoxy and strong centralised government control to Communist liberalism and a more open, decentralised society played a role in the eventual break-up of the country. En 1924, il adhère à la SFIO, où il figure dans la tendance « planiste » de Georges Albertini[6]. Despite the eventual Munich Agreement and Czechoslovak acceptance of the annexation and the fact that the volunteers were turned away, Tito claimed credit for the Yugoslav response, which worked in his favour. aux côtés des “Aliniens”, Alain Château, René Gérin et Camille Planche. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutrality was "neutral on his side", Tito replied that neutrality did not imply passivity but meant "not taking sides".[179]. He had 2 children Eva Jospin, Hugo Jospin. [222] The main-belt asteroid 1550 Tito, discovered by Serbian astronomer Milorad B. Protić at Belgrade Observatory in 1937, was named in his honour. [110] Tito's appointment as General Secretary of the CPY was formally ratified by the Comintern on 5 January 1939.[111]. "[247], In his youth Tito attended Catholic Sunday school, and was later an altar boy. The U.S. was outraged and sent an ultimatum to the Yugoslav government, demanding the release of the Americans in custody, U.S. access to the downed planes, and full investigation of the incidents. Economists active in the former Yugoslavia, including Czech-born Jaroslav Vanek and Yugoslav-born Branko Horvat, promoted a model of market socialism that was dubbed the Illyrian model. [195], Tito's secret police was modelled on the Soviet KGB. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modelled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito wrote that "We study and take as an example the Soviet system, but develop in a different form".[144]. [63] He and his wife then moved to the village of Veliko Trojstvo where he worked as a mill mechanic. [citation needed], Declassified documents from the CIA state in 1967 it was already clear that although Tito's economic model had achieved growth of the gross national product around 7%, it also created frequently unwise industrial investment and a chronic deficit in the nation's balance of payment. His spouse is Sylviane Agacinski (m. 1994), Elisabeth Dannenmuller (m. 1973–1993). Tenté un temps par le pastorat protestant[4], Robert Jospin fait des études à la faculté théologique protestante de Paris, mais les abandonne au bout de deux ans. [100] According to the Croatian historian Ivo Banac, the reason Tito was sent back to Yugoslavia by the Comintern was in order to purge the CPY. Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, a village in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje. Almost half of the political prisoners in Yugoslavia were ethnic Albanians imprisoned for asserting their ethnic identity. While in Moscow, he was given the task of assisting Ćopić to translate the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) into Serbo-Croatian, but they had only got to the second chapter when Ćopić too was arrested and executed. In October 1926 he obtained work in a railway works in Smederevska Palanka near Belgrade. [17] As a result of his limited schooling, throughout his life Tito was poor at spelling. John R. Schindler: "Yugoslavia’s First Ethnic Cleansing: The Expulsion of the Danubian Germans, 1944–1946", pp 221–229, Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley, eds. [254] Broz himself explains: It was a rule in the Party in those times not to use one's real name, in order to reduce the chances of exposure. Yugoslavia provided major assistance to anti-colonialist movements in the Third World. Cette phrase possède 12 mots. Still, he did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. Tito was interred in a mausoleum in Belgrade, which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the Museum of Yugoslav History (formerly called "Museum 25 May" and "Museum of the Revolution"). In the autumn of 1944, the communist leadership adopted a political decision on the expulsion of ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia. Lionel Jospin (French: [ljɔnɛl ʒɔspɛ̃]; born 12 July 1937) is a French politician.He served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.. Jospin was the Socialist Party candidate for President of France in the elections of 1995 and 2002. The amputation proved to be too late, and Tito died at the Medical Centre of Ljubljana on 4 May 1980, three days short of his 88th birthday. Lionel Jospin is a French politician. Nommé conseiller municipal de Meudon par Vichy début 1944, il collabora à la rédaction du journal pro-nazi, À partir du numéro 2. [61] After the assassination of Milorad Drašković, the Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, by a young communist named Alija Alijagić on 2 August 1921, the CPY was declared illegal under the Yugoslav State Security Act of 1921. After an initial Soviet-influenced bleak period, Tito moved toward radical improvement of life in the country. [141] Tito always spoke very harshly of the Karađorđević kings in both public and private (through in private, he sometimes had a kind word for the Habsburgs), but in many ways he appeared to his people as a sort of king. Despite this suppression, much of maspok's demands were later realised with the new constitution, heavily backed by Tito himself against opposition from the Serbian branch of the party. Naturally, even the assumed names often had to be changed. On 29 November 1945, King Peter II was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. En 1961, il est parmi les fondateurs de l'Union pacifiste de France, partisan du désarmement unilatéral et de l'objection de conscience. [197] Yugoslavia was a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, but scant regard was paid to some of its provisions. He was imprisoned for 14 days and then released, returning to his previous activities. The museum keeps the gifts Tito received during his presidency. [118], On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. [69] In 1925, the now unemployed Broz moved to Kraljevica on the Adriatic coast, where he started working at a shipyard to further the aims of the CPY. Tito visited India from 22 December 1954 through 8 January 1955. [256], This article is about the former leader of Yugoslavia. Instead of choosing sides, he was instrumental in kick-starting the Non-Aligned Movement, which would function as a "third way" for countries interested in staying outside of the East–West divide. Even if after the reforms of 1961 Tito's presidency had become comparatively more liberal than other communist regimes, the Communist Party continued to alternate between liberalism and repression. In August 1937 he became acting General Secretary of the CPY. [71], While at Kraljevica he worked on Yugoslav torpedo boats and a pleasure yacht for the People's Radical Party politician, Milan Stojadinović. Cette phrase possède 8 mots. [70] During his time in Karljevica, Tito acquired a love of the warm, sunny Adriatic coastline that was to last for the rest of his life, and throughout his later time as leader, he spent as much time possible living on his yacht while cruising the Adriatic. Lionel Jospin (French: [ljɔnɛl ʒɔspɛ̃]; born 12 July 1937) is a French politician, who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.. Jospin was the Socialist Party candidate for President of France in the elections of 1995 and 2002. On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation. Yugoslav law guaranteed nationalities to use their language, but for ethnic Albanians the assertion of ethnic identity was severely limited. In 1924, Broz was elected to the CPY district committee, but after he gave a speech at a comrade's Catholic funeral he was arrested when the priest complained. Presque tous les rédacteurs sont des enseignants et d'anciens membres de la SFIO passés par le pacifisme : outre Robert Jospin, Claude Jamet, ancien secrétaire fédéral de la SFIO et ancien professeur, Paul Rives, député socialiste de l'Allier (1932-1942), et surtout Ludovic Zoretti, universitaire, ancien responsable de la CGT et de la SFIO, où il a été l'adversaire acharné de Léon Blum, « le belliciste ». [100] Tito then travelled to Paris, where he arranged the travel of volunteers to France under the cover of attending the Paris Exhibition. The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs, defence, internal security, monetary affairs, free trade within Yugoslavia, and development loans to poorer regions. The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980. Broz and Kardelj subsequently became good friends, with Tito later regarding him as his most reliable deputy. Their relationship was not a happy one, however. Each republic was also given the right to self-determination and secession if done through legal channels. [236] When Tito was jailed in 1928, she returned to Russia. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. de la SFIO prononcent l'exclusion de Robert Jospin (entre autres). Yugoslavia organised the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, or JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.[209]. The Yugoslav delegation was the first to bring the demands of the Algerian National Liberation Front to the United Nations. [163] The kidnapping of Nagy, followed by his subsequent execution, almost led to Yugoslavia breaking off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and in 1957 Tito boycotted the ceremonials in Moscow for the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution, being the only communist leader who did not attend the occasion.[165]. During World War II, after the Nazi invasion of the area, he led the Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–1945).[5]. Le premier numéro de Germinal paraît le 28 avril 1944, portant le bandeau : « Hebdomadaire de la pensée socialiste française ». Harsh repressive measures against dissidents were common, including "arrests, show trials, forced collectivisation, suppression of churches and religion". Tito also supported the liberation movements of the Portuguese colonies in Africa. After a private conversation with his two sons Žarko and Mišo Broz, he finally agreed, and his left leg was amputated due to arterial blockages. His position as a party whip and Tito's way of controlling and monitoring the government and, to a certain extent the people, bothered many, especially the younger, newer generation of government officials who were working towards a more liberal Yugoslav society. When he complained, he was beaten and put in prison. Lastly, Tito gave Kosovo and Vojvodina, the two constituent provinces of Serbia, substantially increased autonomy, including de facto veto power in the Serbian parliament. This government was headed by Tito as provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister and included representatives from the royalist government-in-exile, among others Ivan Šubašić. En 1948, il prend position contre le colonialisme dans la presse libertaire[15]. Lionel Jospin (French: [ljɔnɛl ʒɔspɛ̃]; born 12 July 1937) is a French politician, who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997 to 2002.Jospin was the Socialist Party candidate for President of France in the elections of 1995 and 2002. Dominic McGoldrick writes that as the head of a "highly centralised and oppressive" regime, Tito wielded tremendous power in Yugoslavia, with his authoritarian rule administered through an elaborate bureaucracy that routinely suppressed human rights. The cities were: In the years after Tito's death up to the present, there has been some debate as to his identity. En 1965, Robert Jospin, toujours très anticommuniste, quitte la SFIO, lorsque celle-ci appelle à voter François Mitterrand, candidat commun de la gauche (y compris le PCF), à l'élection présidentielle. [252] The report notes Draža Mihailović's impressions of Tito's Russian origins after he had personally spoken with Tito. Other influential communists vouched for him, and he was exonerated. [224] The practice of writing letters to Tito has continued after his death with several websites in former Yugoslavia devoted entirely as forums for people to send posthumous letters to him, where they often talk about various personal problems. En 1989, Bernard Baissat a réalisé un film-portrait de 80 minutes sur Robert Jospin intitulé Bernard Baissat, « Écoutez Robert Jospin », sur bonnesbobines, 2 janvier 2013 (consulté le 4 août 2020). Le 24 août, Meudon est libérée par les FFI ; le maire et ses conseillers sont révoqués et remplacés par des résistants du comité local de libération. Victor Sebestyen writes that Tito "was as brutal as" Stalin. In January 1958, the French navy boarded the Slovenija cargo ship off Oran, whose holds were filled with weapons for the insurgents. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the USSR were relaxed, and Tito began to receive aid as well from the COMECON. During his life and especially in the first year after his death, several places were named after Tito. [11] With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, he received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath. [123] This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. Au congrès fédéral du 26 février 1956, il devient le secrétaire-adjoint de la fédération de Seine-et-Marne puis secrétaire en titre en 1958 et 1959. [212], Tito is credited with transforming Yugoslavia from a poor nation to a middle-income one that saw vast improvements in women's rights, health, education, urbanization, industrialization, and many other areas of human and economic development. [174], Tito and Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, signing the Joint Declaration after conclusion of their talks, c. 1955, Richard Nixon with Tito at the White House, 1971, Tito with Jimmy Carter in Washington in 1978, Starting in the 1950s, Tito permitted Yugoslav workers to go to western Europe, especially West Germany as gastarbeiter ("guest workers"). The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; "I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito," Stalin remarked. At this time Broz met a beautiful 14-year-old local girl, Pelagija "Polka" Belousova, who hid him then helped him escape to a Kyrgyz village 64 kilometres (40 mi) from Omsk. [47] Broz in his account of his capture described it melodramatically as: "...but suddenly the right flank yielded and through the gap poured cavalry of the Circassians, from Asiatic Russia. [84] After two and a half years at Lepoglava, Broz was accused of attempting to escape and was transferred to Maribor prison where he was held in solitary confinement for several months. He was finally released from prison on 16 March 1934, but even then he was subject to orders that required him to live in Kumrovec and report to the police daily. Sous occupation, toute l'activité industrielle est à l'arrêt et l’adolescent doit se livrer à des travaux variés pour aider sa famille. Dans les années 1930, il est actif, aux côtés de Victor Méric, Roger Monclin, Jeanne Humbert, René Dumont, Claude Jamet au sein de la Ligue internationale des combattants de la paix[6] dont le mot d'ordre est « Non à toutes les guerres ». Jurica helped him get a job in a restaurant, but Broz was soon tired of that work. [116] Broz travelled by train through Stalać and Čačak and arrived to the village of Robije on 18 September 1941. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata. [171], Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Robert Jospin né le 9 juin 1899 à Saint-Quentin et mort le 9 mai 1990 à Garches , est un enseignant et un militant socialiste , pacifiste et libertaire français , . He was narrowly defeated in the final runoff election by Jacques Chirac in 1995. Why did I take this name 'Tito' and has it special significance? [134] The Yugoslav administration in the immediate post-war period managed to unite a country that had been severely affected by ultra-nationalist upheavals and war devastation, while successfully suppressing the nationalist sentiments of the various nations in favour of tolerance, and the common Yugoslav goal. He was asked for information on a number of his fellow Yugoslav communists, but according to his own statements and published documents, he never denounced anyone, usually saying he did not know them. In 1924, Pelagija gave birth to a boy, Žarko, who survived. In the crackdown on dissidents that followed his death, it was decided that Tito should leave Yugoslavia. [83] During their time together in Lepoglava, Pijade became Broz's ideological mentor. Sa famille, très pauvre, avait suivi le flot des réfugiés lorsque le nord de la France avait été envahi et cela avait laissé chez lui des traces profondes. [208] Those who attended included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. [198], Tito's Yugoslavia was based on respect for nationality, although Tito ruthlessly purged any flowerings of nationalism that threatened the Yugoslav federation. By 1970 debt was no longer contracted to finance investment, but to cover current expenses. Il rejoint alors le Parti socialiste démocratique de Paul Faure, lui aussi exclu, qui accueille les socialistes épurés. The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. De l'union de Robert et Mireille Jospin naissent quatre enfants : Agnès, Lionel, Olivier et Noëlle, qui épouse le philosophe François Châtelet et devient romancière. [26], He returned home in December 1910. Membre des Unions chrétiennes de jeunes gens (YMCA), organisation de jeunesse protestante, il devient le secrétaire général adjoint de la section française dans les années 1930[5]. During the conference, Broz condemned factions within the party. Cherchez cette citation sur Google Livre. [38] After winning the regimental fencing competition,[36] Broz came in second in the army fencing championships in Budapest in May 1914. « M. Robert Jospin reste socialiste de conviction », Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière, Ligue internationale des combattants de la paix, Internationale des résistant(e)s à la guerre, Centre international de recherches sur l'anarchisme (Lausanne), https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jospin&oldid=180169659, Personnalité de la Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière, Personnalité du Parti socialiste démocratique, Personnalité du Parti social-démocrate (France), Collaborateur de l'Encyclopédie anarchiste, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Portail:Politique française/Articles liés, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Politique, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Je ne crois pas la chose convenable, compte tenu de ce qu'ont été nos erreurs et peut-être nos crimes »[1]. [79] He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. In Belgrade he resided in the official residence, the Beli dvor, and maintained a separate private home. President of the Presidency of the People's Assembly, Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement, President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, 98 international and 21 Yugoslav decorations, List of places named after Josip Broz Tito, Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia, Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia, expulsion of ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia, atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslavia collapsed into multiple devastating civil wars, Awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito, Order of the Partisan Star with Golden Wreath, Order of Brotherhood and Unity with Golden Wreath, Order of the People's Army with Laurel Wreath, Commemorative Medal of the Partisans - 1941, 30 Years of the Victory over Fascism Medal, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/89147/RICE0184.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, https://schoolworkhelper.net/tito-stalin-dispute-1948-timeline-analysis-significance/, "Film, discussion to focus on 1952 Slansky trials", "Paraguay: A Country Study: Foreign Relations", "REORGANIZACION DE LOS ACTORES DEL ENFRENTAMIENTO (1971–1978)", "Komunistički progoni Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini 1945–1990", "The Economy of Tito's Yugoslavia: Delaying the Inevitable Collapse", "Josip Broz Tito Statement on the Death of the President of Yugoslavia", "Giant Among Communists Governed Like a Monarch", "Hallan un grabado de Goya en la casa de Tito y Milosevic en Belgrado", "Serbia Poll: Life Was Better Under Tito", "Spremni smo braniti antifašističke vrijednosti RH", "Thousands of Croats demand Tito Square be renamed", "Slovenia-Maribor: Tito's Bridge (Titov most)", "Relay for Tito leaves montenegro en route to Belgrade", "Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional", Text of the decision U-I-109/10 of the Constitutional Court of Slovenia, issued on 3 October 2011, in Slovenian language, "Titova udovica daleko od očiju javnosti", "U 96. godini umrla bivša Titova supruga Herta Haas", "Is Yugoslav President Tito Really a Yugoslav? With the help of a Serbian Orthodox prosecutor who hated Catholics, Broz and his co-accused were acquitted. De l'union de Robert et Mireille Jospin naissent quatre enfants : Agnès, Lionel, Olivier et Noëlle, qui épouse le philosophe François Châtelet et devient romancière. Their work allowed Broz and Pijade to move around the prison, contacting and organising other communist prisoners. [200], Yugoslavia's post-war development was impressive, but the country ran into economic snags around 1970 and experienced significant unemployment and inflation. As regards knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, and some English. A Bolshevik he had met while working on the railway told Broz that his son was working in an engineering works in Petrograd, so, in June 1917, Broz walked out of the unguarded POW camp and hid aboard a goods train bound for that city, where he stayed with his friend's son.
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