The Somali invasion of the Ogaden, Libyan intrusions into Chad and Sudan,…. In 2002, the Moroccan king stated that the referendum idea was "out of date" since it "cannot be implemented";[30] Polisario retorted that that was only because of the King's refusal to allow it to take place. However, Morocco continues to occupy the Saharawi territory without any respect to UN resolutions on decolonization. Western Sahara online.net (Western Sahara Online) Sahara Marocain; ポリサリオ戦線支持サイト ARSO; New Internationalist magazine (a campaigning activist communications cooperative) その他 Infoplease introduction; History of Western Sahara; USA State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2001 - Western Sahara The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a visiting mission in late 1975, as well as a verdict from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Jacob Mundi. 43 (April 2012), p.22", "Sahrawi Refugee Children in a Spanish Host Program", "Local Human Development in contexts of permanent crisis: Women's experiences in Western Sahara", "A Desert Film Festival Complete with Camels", "These artists are transforming the dreary environment of the Saharawi refugee camps", "Voices of a lost homeland: The poetry of Western Sahara", "Poetics of diaspora: Sahrawi poets and postcolonial transformations of a trans-Saharan genre in northwest Africa", Learn how and when to remove this template message, The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), The Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State (ASVDH), Association for the Families of Sahrawi Prisoners and the Disappeared (AFAPREDESA), Western Sahara, Landmine Monitor Report 2008, "Jacob Mundy – "Seized of the Matter". In 1884 Emilio Bonelli, of the Sociedad Española de Africanistas y Colonistas (“Spanish Society of Africanists and Colonists”), went to Río de Oro bay and signed treaties with the coastal peoples. [37] The protest coincided with a fresh round of negotiations at the UN. [98] Supporting life in a territory with scarce freshwater resources is extremely costly. [19] During Marinid dynasty rule, the Beni Hassan rebelled but were defeated by the Sultan and escaped beyond the Saguia el-Hamra dry river. This event led to the introduction of graffiti art to the camps, and popular graffiti artists have come to the workshop to work with refugees. In 1984, the African Union's predecessor, the Organization of African Unity, recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as one of its full members, with the same status as Morocco, and Morocco protested by suspending its membership to the OAU. The UN and the Western Sahara Dispute", Fanack.com independent website that provides non-partisan facts and analysis of the MENA region, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&oldid=1021841281, Arabic-speaking countries and territories, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2011, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2007, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2013, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018, Articles with failed verification from February 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2017, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Irene Fernández-Molina and Matthew Porges. These heavy subsidies have created a state-dominated economy in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. Updates? Moroccan claims of Polisario terrorism has generally little to no support abroad, with the US, EU, AU and UN all refusing to include the group on their lists of terrorist organizations. A former Spanish colony, it was annexed by Morocco in 1975. (TRT World and Agencies) In 1975, colonial power Spain, that had governed the Western Sahara, left the region. There is regular air service between Laayoune and Al-Dakhla (formerly Villa Cisneros) and between Laayoune and Las Palmas (in the Canary Islands), Nouakchott (in Mauritania), and Casablanca (in Morocco). Indeed, shortly after the Houston Agreement (1997), Morocco officially declared that it was "no longer necessary" to include an option of independence on the ballot, offering instead autonomy. As of July 2004, an estimated 267,405 people (excluding about 160,000 Moroccan military personnel) lived in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. The Bafour were later replaced or absorbed by Berber-speaking populations, which eventually merged in turn with the migrating Beni Ḥassān Arab tribes. Both Morocco and Polisario have sought to boost their claims by accumulating formal recognition, especially from African, Asian, and Latin American states in the developing world. [55] Both Morocco and the Polisario additionally accuse each other of violating the human rights of the populations under their control, in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara and the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, respectively. Spain terminated its presence in Spanish Sahara within three months, repatriating Spanish remains from its cemeteries.[24]. UN Security Council, "Deadly Clashes as Morocco Breaks Up Western Sahara Camp", "New expulsions of Spanish citizens from Western Sahara", "Deadly Clashes Stall Western Sahara-Morocco Peace Talks", "Morocco Suffers Legal Setback As EU Official Declares Western Sahara 'Not Part of Morocco, "UN Document Says Morocco Violated Western Sahara Cease-Fire", "Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal", "Morocco recognized the United States in 1777. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the Green March into Western Sahara; 350,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross the border in a peaceful march. A United Nations (UN) peace proposal in 1988 specified a referendum for the indigenous Sahrawis to decide whether they wanted an independent Western Sahara under Polisario Front leadership or whether the territory would officially become part of Morocco. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [5] One year later, a new resolution was passed by the General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination. [12][13][14] In 2020, the United States recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara in exchange for Moroccan normalization of relations with Israel.[15]. The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Western Sahara in historical times were agriculturalists called Bafour. In the XIth century, a confederation of tribes, the "veiled Sanhaja", formed the Almoravid State. This blockade was a way of … Algeria’s diplomatic campaign on behalf of Sahrawi self-determination, however, continued unabated. After the United States insisted in 2018 that the continued presence of UN peacekeeping forces be contingent on progress made toward settling the long-running dispute, Morocco and the Polisario Front met in December of that year to renew discussion over the situation. The history of Western Sahara can be traced back to the times of Carthaginian explorer Hanno the Navigator in the 5th century BC. [98] The territory is otherwise thought to be economically unviable and unable to support its population without the Moroccan subsidies. Western Sahara Compare Western Sahara » Overview; Demographics; Religious Restrictions; Religion News; Religious Demography: Affiliation. [103] The opinion was rendered following an analysis of relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, the case law of the International Court of Justice and the practice of sovereign states. Polisario has intermittently threatened to resume fighting, referring to the Moroccan refusal of a referendum as a breach of the cease-fire terms, but most observers seem to consider armed conflict unlikely without the green light from Algeria, which houses the Sahrawis' refugee camps and has been the main military sponsor of the movement. One such exchange program to Spain is Vacaciones en Paz (Vacations in Peace), which is an annual holiday program that was created in 1988 and is organized by the Union of Sahrawi Youth (UJSARIO) in collaboration with 300 other associations throughout Spain. [38], In 2016, the European Union (EU) declared that "Western Sahara is not part of Moroccan territory. As of January 2007, the plan had not been made public, though the Moroccan government claimed that it was more or less complete.[34]. The latest attack in the "Guerguerat Gap" was the trigger that led Western Sahara to declare a state of war, in violation of the UN-sponsored ceasefire. Meanwhile, Polisario still insisted on a referendum with independence as a clear option, without offering a solution to the problem of who is qualified to be registered to participate in it. These numbers cover only Sahrawis 'indigenous' to Western Sahara during the Spanish colonial period, not the total number of "ethnic" Sahrawis (i.e., members of Sahrawi tribal groupings), who also extend into Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria. During the war years (1975–1991), both sides accused each other of targeting civilians. Several international human rights organizations expressed concern at what they termed abuse by Moroccan security forces, and a number of Sahrawi activists have been jailed. [122] His canvases of choice were destroyed walls, which he brought back to life through his art. Aside from its rich fishing waters and phosphate reserves, Western Sahara has few natural resources and lacks sufficient rainfall and freshwater resources for most agricultural activities. Mine-laying was not restricted to the vicinity of the berms though, as occupied settlements throughout the Polisario-controlled areas, such as Bir Lahlou and Tifariti, are ringed by mines laid by Moroccan forces. [25] It initiated guerrilla warfare and, in 1979, Mauritania withdrew due to pressure from Polisario, including a bombardment of its capital and other economic targets. It is now a part of the newly created Republic of Spain. "[103] After pressures from corporate ethics-groups, Total S.A. pulled out in late 2004. One such artist is Mohamed Sayad, a Sahrawi artist that has been transforming the refugee camp landscape by creating works of art amongst the devastation in camps that have existed for four decades. [118] During Spanish colonial rule, Sahrawi women actively provided financial and physical support to the resistance movements during the 1930s, 1950s, and the late 1960s. Western Sahara History. Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية‎‎ aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah; Berber languages: Taneẓroft Tutrimt; Spanish: Sáhara Occidental) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. The population is estimated at just over 500,000,[3] of which nearly 40% live in Laayoune, the largest city in Western Sahara. The Polisario Front said Moroccan security forces had killed a 26-year-old protester at the camp, a claim denied by Morocco. [118] The NUSW was structured at the local, regional, and national levels and concentrated on four areas: the occupied territories and emigration, information and culture, political and professional development, and foreign affairs. Landmine Action UK undertook preliminary survey work by visiting the Polisario-controlled area of Western Sahara in October 2005 and February–March 2006. The festival provides entertainment and educational opportunities for Sahrawi refugees alongside cultural celebrations for visitors and spectators. It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. [88], Despite this, the area is traveled and inhabited by many Sahrawi nomads from the Tindouf refugee camps of Algeria and the Sahrawi communities in Mauritania. Cartel campo minas marcha verde.JPG. [10] Internationally, countries such as Russia have taken a generally ambiguous and neutral position on each side's claims, and have pressed both parties to agree on a peaceful resolution. A number of links below will only refer to organizations … Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [105], In December 2014, it became known that Seabird Exploration operated controversial seismic surveys offshore Western Sahara, in violation of the 2002 Hans Corell legal opinion.[106]. The number was highly politically significant due to the expected organization of a referendum on self-determination. It also provided further detail on the referendum process in order to make it harder to stall or subvert. The new king, Mohammed VI of Morocco, opposes any referendum on independence, and has said Morocco will never agree to one: "We shall not give up one inch of our beloved Sahara, not a grain of its sand."[33]. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres (103,000 sq mi). [44] The population is primarily made up of nomads who engage in herding camels back and forth between the Tindouf area and Mauritania.
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