[44] Each terreiro is distinct and operates in its own way. [106] Dancing poorly in the toque de santo is considered an insult to the oricha. It formed through the blending of the traditional religions brought to Cuba by enslaved West Africans, the majority of them Yoruba, and Roman Catholicism, the only religion legally permitted on the island by the Spanish colonial government. [68] It was during this period that the Engenho Velho ("Old Sugar Mill") terreiro was established; it was from this group that most Nagô terreiros descended. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [35] Many roles within Candomblé are linked to members of a specific gender. [362] The rituals for self-protection have also resulted in Santería being adopted by various groups involved in narcotics trafficking within the U.S.[145], In Santería, funeral rites are called itulu,[201] and are designed to appease the soul of the deceased.
Vă propunem o incursiune biblică în trecutul umanităţii, aşa cum a fost acesta surprins în cadrul cărţilor de la Geneza până la ultima carte a Regilor, cu scopul de a descoperi împreună profunzimea biblică şi caracterul încă actual al, Acest site web folosește cookie-uri pentru a vă îmbunătăți experiența în timp ce navigați pe site. [55] The term oricha can be both singular and plural, because Lucumí, the ritual language of Santería, lacks plural markers for nouns. [89] Ochún is usually equated with Cuba's patron saint, Our Lady of Charity. This oricha will thenceforth be "the owner of the head" and will influence the individual's character after they are born. [55] Many gay men who have joined have cited it as offering a more welcoming atmosphere to them than other religious traditions active in Brazil.
[36] However, women can still wield significant power as the heads of the terreiros. [208] The following day is el Día del Medio ("the middle day"), a public celebration at the initiation. SisterB524. Candomblé is an African-Brazilian religion. Santería uses the Lucumí language, which is derived from Yoruba, for ritual purposes. [193] When a santero or santera receives their stones, they take an oath to protect them at all times and to feed them at least annually. [58] While hundreds of orisha were worshipped across West Africa, fewer than twenty came to play a prominent role in Santería; this may be because many or the orisha were rooted in kin-based cults and thus were lost when traditional kinship networks and families were destroyed through enslavement. [51] During this period they are taught the various details of their associated orisha, such as its likes and dislikes and the appropriate drum rhythms and dances that invoke that deity. Santería, also known as Regla de Ocha, Regla Lucumí, or Lucumí, is an African diasporic religion that developed in Cuba between the 16th and 19th centuries. Christian views of the religion have been largely negative,[419] and in Cuba, there has been much opposition from the Roman Catholic clerical establishment over the centuries. Celebritatea acesteia, dobândită, Vă invităm la un nou curs cu Mario Barangea, absolvent și doctorand al Facultății de Filosofie, Universitatea București, absolvent al masterului de Studii Religioase - Texte și Tradiții. [2] Candomblé has been described as "one of the major religious expressions of the African Diaspora". [327] Practitioners also believe that certain oricha should be turned to assist the healing of specific ailments; Ochun is for instance usually requested when dealing with genital problems.
[248] This cleansing of the head is known as the rogación de cabeza. King, Charles Spencer. For many followers, Candomblé is not only a matter of religious belief but also of reclaiming the cultural and historical identity of ethnic Africans, although their separate tribal identities have been obscured by peoples being mixed in communities during and after slavery. [109] [365] This has resulted in references to "Santerismo" as a blend between the two traditions.
[214] For rituals of greater importance, sacrifices are often of four-legged animals,[66] including dogs. But in an age where ancestral belonging has become increasingly attractive, many have started loudly turning back to their roots. “Orishas is a powerful name [associated with spirituality],” the group told Remezcla in 2019, “so the music needed to be the same: powerful and great.” Members Yotuel, Roldán, and Ruzzo have only upped the ante since. [406] Lachatañeré was instrumental in promoting the term "Santería" in reference to the phenomenon, deeming it a more neutral description that the pejorative-laden terms such as brujería which were commonly used. Not all one thing or the other. [186] Santería initiation ceremonies derive from those in Yoruba traditional religion but is almost always carried out for adults, whereas among the Yoruba, initiation can also involve children. [22] Most terreiros venerate between twelve and twenty orisha. [283], Practitioners believe that the consecrated batá drums contain a sacred inner substance known as añá. De l’impact de la littérature sur les cultes de possession su Brésil,”, "Religions - Candomblé: Candomblé at glance", "Governo faz homenagem póstuma a Mãe Cleusa por trabalho social", Religious Rhythms - The Afro-Brazilian Music of Candomblé, Quimbanda Web page – Brazilian Tradition related to Candomble, Candomblé experiences in Bahia, Salvador and Cachoeira, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candomblé&oldid=984859275, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
[33] Haitian migrants have established a form of Vodou in Cuba,[34] and there are also cases, such as that of the New York-based Mama Lola, in which individuals have been initiated into both Haitian Vodou and Cuban Santería. [42] One room, the barracão, is where public rituals, including acts of divination, take place. Candomblé is well-established in Portugal and has footholds in many other European countries, while Santería is well-established in Spain and likewise has many European footholds. On their debut bittersweet vol. The late 20th century saw growing links between Santería and related traditions in West Africa and the Americas, such as Haitian Vodou and Brazilian Candomblé.
[404] In 1942, Rómula Lachatañeré's Manuel de santería was published, representing the first scholarly attempt to understand Santería as a religion;[405] in contrast to Ortiz, he maintained that the tradition should be seen as a religious system as opposed to a form of witchcraft.
The court ruled that the city of Euless, Texas was interfering in Merced's right to religious freedom by preventing him from sacrificing animals.
[97] They may however have brass bells, known as chaworo, affixed to their rim; these bells are associated with Ochún. The formation of Regla de Ocha, as it is also known, harnesses the legacy of enslaved Yoruba peoples first brought to the solares of Cuba and the Americas. [383] Cuba's Roman Catholic Church saw these groups as a method for gradual evangelisation, through which they tolerated the practice of some African customs while stamping out those they most fiercely objected to. Santería’s sacred influences are all over some of today’s best Latin music. The deities contain all potentials, for good and for evil. [150] In this sense, many casa trace a lineage back to the 19th century, with many santeros and santeras capable of listing the many practitioners who have been initiated into that casa over the decades.
[48] The three facets of this divinity are understood slightly differently; Olodumare represents the divine essence of all that exists, Olorun is regarded as the creator of all beings, while Olofi dwells in all creation. Gender & History 15, no. [335] Clients will approach these diviners for a divinatory session, referred to as a consulta (consultation),[336] usually to ask for advice about their health, family problems, or legal issues. Ce se poate întâmpla bun după o perioadă încărcată, după un răstimp agitat? Voeks, Robert A.
He graciously agreed to take some time to talk with Currents editor Janice Christenen. [147], Santería has an elaborate system of ritual,[9] one which incorporates song, dance, spirit possession, and animal sacrifice. [311], Healing is an important practice in Santería,[312] and health problems are the most common reason why people approach a santero or santera.
In the early 18th century, practitioners combined their masters pantheon of Catholic saints with their own spirits, the Orisha. In these years it selectively supported various traditional Afro-Cuban customs and traditions and legalised certain Santería practices.
[58] The oricha are not regarded as being wholly benevolent,[59] being capable of both harming and helping humans,[60] and having a mix of emotions, virtues, and vices like humans.
Candomblé was originally brought to Brazil by African slaves between 1549 and 1888. There is no central authority in control of the movement. [27] It is taught that the individual of this orisha can be ascertained through divination. Many contemporary practitioners refer to the tradition as “the religion of the orishas” or the “Lukumi religion,” after the name by which the Yoruba were known in Cuba. Spell.
[266], The new initiate can finally take their tureen containing their otanes back to their home.
[59] On being brought to Brazil, these slaves were divided into "nations", primarily on their port of embarkation rather than their original etho-cultural identities. [63] [436] Through Cuban emigration to Mexico, Santería established a presence in Veracruz and Mexico City. [110] For instance, Hagedorn related that after her initiation into a Cuban casa, her initiator required her to sleep and eat on the floor for three months, abstain from sexual intercourse for 16 days, and both wear only white and not cut her hair for a year. Hollywood kicked into gear, providing all sorts of frightening images of demonic rituals and voodoo dolls. [49] Each oricha is deemed to prefer a particular color and number of otanes in sopera devoted to them; Chango has six or ten black stones, Obatala has eight white stones, while Ochun favors five yellow stones, for instance. You can hug them and kiss them, they will speak to you. [9]
King, Charles Spencer. [18] Many regard it as a uniquely Cuban tradition,[19] although it has spread to other parts of the Americas like Venezuela, Mexico, and the United States.
[145] Many gay male practitioners have expressed strong identification with Chango, a hyper-masculine oricha who nevertheless dressed as a woman to evade capture by his enemies in one of the myths about him.
1936–37.