In contrast to the approximately 2 °C ambient water temperature at these depths, water emerges from these vents at temperatures ranging from 60 °C up to as high as 464 °C. Samples taken of the superficial sediment revealed that its physical and chemical properties had not shown any recovery since the disturbance made 26 years earlier. the primary reason for their scarcity in the pacific is that Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. [9] Extending from the bottom of the photic zone down to the seabed is the aphotic zone, a region of perpetual darkness.[8][9]. An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 6,000 metres (20,000 ft).Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. Small organisms with hard calciferous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because the water at that depth is severely lacking in calcium carbonate.
Layers of such sediments accumulate over elongated periods of time, creating these abyssal plains. Thus, water emerging from the hottest parts of some hydrothermal vents, black smokers and submarine volcanoes can be a supercritical fluid, possessing physical properties between those of a gas and those of a liquid.

[7] The dysphotic zone is also referred to as the mesopelagic zone, or the twilight zone. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons into deeper water. Smith, C.R. Because deep sea fish are long-lived and slow growing, these deep-sea fisheries are not thought to be sustainable in the long term given current management practices. ), pp. Moreover, hydrostatic pressure is enough to crush a person's body to the size of a soccer ball. [55][56] However, ecosystem structure and function at the deep seafloor have historically been very poorly studied because of the size and remoteness of the abyss. [11], Probably the most important ecological characteristic of abyssal ecosystems is energy limitation. In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. Presently, the nodules are too expensive to mine because of the cost of extracting them from the ocean floor. No plant life exists because of a lack of sunlight. [3] Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). They live off bacteria on the seafloor and fecal pellets, bones, carcasses of large animals, and dissolved material that filters down the water column. Seamounts (submerged mountains) rarely interrupt the abyssal plains of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, as turbidites in these oceans bury most of the mountains. [69] Of the 922 known species of chitons (from the Polyplacophora class of mollusks), 22 species (2.4%) are reported to live below 2000 meters and two of them are restricted to the abyssal plain. Those species that were able to adapt may have been the ancestors of the organisms currently endemic to the Challenger Deep.[74]. [13][14][15][16][17] These vents have been observed to vent phase-separated, vapor-type fluids. Population densities are low owing to a harsh environment and scarcity of food. The plain is generally 13,000 to 20,000 ft (4,000 to 6,000 m), extending seaward from the base of a continental slope or from the seaward edge of an oceanic trench to the midocean ridge. These mysterious, potato-size rocks litter the surface. These thermodynamic conditions exceed the critical point of seawater, and are the highest temperatures recorded to date from the seafloor. A rare but important terrain feature found in the abyssal and hadal zones is the hydrothermal vent. However, due to its capacity for photosynthesis, the photic zone has the greatest biodiversity and biomass of all oceanic zones. The team sailed across the Chukchi Sea and recorded meteorological and astronomical data in addition to taking soundings of the seabed. However the increase in salinity at this depth pushes the water closer to its critical point.

Why are abyssal plains relatively rare in the Pacific. [43][44], As technology improved, measurement of depth, latitude and longitude became more precise and it became possible to collect more or less continuous sets of data points. [9] The small particle flux can be augmented by the fall of larger carcasses and downslope transport of organic material near continental margins. [85] The abyssal Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) is an area within the Pacific nodule province that is currently under exploration for its mineral potential. However, due to the mind-boggling depths of the abyssal plains, exploration of such habitats demands great deals of time, effort, and budgeting, which leads to the generation of only a low volume of data regarding the abyssal plain ecosystems, at least for now.
For example, they may be used for the legal and illegal disposal of large structures such as ships and oil rigs, radioactive waste and other hazardous waste, such as munitions.


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