It would be good if you publish one article per week. Project 75I-class submarine. The reaction between the cathode and anode produces an electric current, which is used to charge the batteries.

The Type 212’s double hull displaces 1,800 tons submerged, and is made of nonmagnetic materials so that it is not susceptible to detection by magnetic anomaly detectors.

The correct term is air-independent power, not propulsion, as AIP devices do not propel the submarine.

and write. Dynamic stability. i was thinking that if we can produce hydrogen and oxygen from seawater by electrolysis when the submarine is underwater we can use it to run fuel cells and we can even run our diesel engines provided we find the way to remove exhaust under sea. Proton Motors 2 × 48 kW PEMFC ZemShip (zero-emission ship) for Hamburg Port (de-Troya et al., 2016). A typical fuel cell converts Hydrogen (fuel) and Oxygen (oxidizer) into electricity, with water and heat released as by-products. Both this and the loss of the Russian submarine Kursk were due to accidents involving hydrogen peroxide propelled torpedoes.

The hull is substantially axisymmetric to minimize bending stresses in the highly loaded circumferential hoop stress direction.

Subsequently detailed analyses can be made of non axisymmetric features such as openings and internal structure. The Type 212’s fuel cells, with hydrogen fuel stored in between the outer and inner pressure hulls, allow it to sail underwater for three weeks before surfacing. You are doing good work here. Ongoing reformer developments were reported at the EHEC-Conference 2014 in Seville (Krummrich and Llabres, 2014; Castro, 2014).

A source of energy is used to heat this working fluid, which in turn moves the pistons and runs the engine.

AIP systems allow conventional submarines to recharge their batteries without surfacing for air, which enables them to remain underwater for extend periods of time and not expose themselves to detection. The batteries need frequent recharging, which means that a conventional submarine has to operate on the surface or at periscope depth for considerable periods. The output feeds a series of fuel cells from Collins Aerospace (which also supplied fuel cells for the Space Shuttle).

During World War II the German firm Walter experimented with submarines that used high-test (concentrated) hydrogen peroxide as their source of oxygen under water.

For navies that want to maximize the lethality of their existing sub flotillas, retrofits can be cost effective. Small submersibles are also used to rescue the crews of disabled submarines or for investigations of shipwrecks (see Table 16.2). Some examples are the Soryu class of Japan, Type 216 being developed by Germany and the Shortfin Barracuda of France which will be operated by Australia. The earliest work began in World War II in the German and Soviet navies, although none of the experiments produced operationally suitable boats.

It is essentially a modified version of their nuclear propulsion system with heat generated by ethanol and oxygen. Fuel Cell AIP was developed in the 1980s for the German Navy.

The general design of a conventional submarine is illustrated in Fig. So far such pessimism has not been borne out in the major conflicts of recent years. The dome ends at either end of the pressure hull are important features subject usually to finite element analysis and model testing.

Waiting for this article from along time… Germany has done this with some boats, including a Type 209, and reports suggest Russia has managed to retrofit a Kilo. Design is usually carried out assuming axial symmetry of structure and loads.

Other than Fuel Cells, the 3 remaining technologies have a lot of moving parts which generate noise. The submerged propulsion system is usually electric drive supplied by batteries and surface propulsion is usually by diesels. However, in practical terms large diesels have become so efficient that there is little point to the comparison. This is because it has its own fuel supply independent of the fuel supply to the diesel engines.

The workings of a fuel cell. A step up in aircraft size is the manned plane considered by Boeing (Lapeña-Rey et al., 2008). The prospect of saving fuel-storage mass in an aircraft by replacing petroleum fuels by hydrogen has been discussed in general terms by Dollmayer et al.

Variation in total resistance with length/diameter ratio and prismatic coefficient. Proposed submarine propulsion system based on PEM fuel cells and liquid hydrogen and oxygen. Regarding AIP & speed, we know submarines can’t chase ship even nuclear but can SSK increase range of submarines by 1800km just by adding AIP at 5kn? 1. The Quebec had three drive shafts: a 32D 900 bhp (670 kW) diesel on the centre shaft and two M-50P 700 bhp (520 kW) diesels on the outer shafts.
The glider-looking plane has a 0.5 kW PEM fuel cell, capable of providing more power than the similar planes aimed for human bicycle propulsion. The first one realised is a European Commission-funded riverboat using 48 kW PEMFCs for use on the Alster at Hamburg (Anonymous, 2008; Pospiech, 2012), shown in Fig. On the other hand, battery refers to a stack, as indicated in Fig.

4.37. 4.37.

Although the hydroplanes can take care of small out-of-balance forces and moments, the vessel when submerged must have a buoyancy almost exactly equal to its weight and B must be vertically above G. For reasons of safety, in practice the buoyancy is usually maintained slightly in excess of the weight.

Buckling of the hull is possible and the following are assessed: Inter-frame collapse, i.e. K.J. He has also worked in education, editing, and refugee resettlement in France and the United States.

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The new Swedish Blekinge-class submarine has the Stirling AIP system as its main energy source. In the absence of significant longitudinal bending longitudinal stiffening would be inefficient and the structure is treated as a ring stiffened cylinder. Hi Alexul. This allows less water to be stored, and it is possible to use wastewater or urine from toilets. Siemens of Germany dedicated considerable effort to developing a fuel cell system in the 1960s and 1970s. If B and G are not in the same vertical line, very large trim angles will result as B cannot move due to movements of ‘wedges’ of buoyancy. The first submarine in the class, Sōryū, was launched on 5 December 2007 and delivered to the navy in March 2009.

Working fluid : It is a pressurized gas or fluid that is used to absorb/transmit energy in a thermodynamic system. It was left to Sweden, in 1997, to deploy the first operational submarine using an AIP system, the stealthy Gotland-class boats that employed a heat-converting Stirling engine. The Greek Navy operates four Type 214 Papanikolis-class boats with a special hoistable Low Probability of Intercept radar. The submerged endurance will be more than 18 days at 5 knots using AIP. AIP won’t be helpful for chasing and attacking enemy ships.


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This is slightly more efficient, and somewhat less complicated, than the French variant, and is used on Japanese, Swedish and Chinese boats. I’ll try. 16.7.


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